Biomorphogenic Feedbacks and the Spatial Organization of a Dominant Grass Steer Dune Development

Nature-based solutions to mitigate the impact of future climate change depend on restoring biological diversity and natural processes. Coastal foredunes represent most important flood barriers along coastlines worldwide, but their area has been squeezed dramatically because a continuing urbanization coastlines, especially in Europe. Dune development is steered by vegetation interaction with sand fluxes from beach. Marram grass ( Calamagrostis arenaria , formerly Ammophila ) main dune building species European coasts, also other continents where was introduced. Engineering coastal dunes, for instance dunes front dikes, needs be based solid understanding species’ interactions environment. Only quantitative approaches enable further mechanistic models management strategies that encapsulate these biomorphogenic interactions. We here provide review biotic physical affect marram performance, how they eventually shape development. Our highlights spatial organization central demonstrate this importance means remote sensing model an outlook research use as nature-based solution protection.